(rev. March 29, 2015)
Notes On Chapter Twenty
-- Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols
- 20.0 Study Guide
- Be able to explain the concept of universal service
- Understand that the Internet is composed of multiple
networks connected by routers, which are something like packet
switches.
- Understand that the Internet creates a virtual network.
- Know that the TCP/IP family of protocols is a major component
of the architecture of the Internet
- 20.1 Introduction
- Inter-networking technology
- Motivation for inter-networking
- Hardware Used for inter-networking
- Architecture of an internet
- Significance of inter-networking concepts
- 20.2 The Motivation for Internetworking
- There are different kinds of networks for different needs.
- Therefore different kinds of networks arise
- Therefore we need inter-working technology to join diverse networks
- 20.3 The Concept of Universal Service
- It can be difficult or impossible to figure out ways for two
computers to communicate when they each belong to a different and
incompatible type of network.
- However, people naturally want universal service - they want
service that allows any pair of computers to communicate,
any time.
- Part of the reason why universal service is desirable is because it
enables people to be more productive.
- 20.4 Universal Service in a Heterogeneous World
- One cannot join incompatible networks simply by connecting media
together. Even if the media used are the same, there will be other
incompatibilities such as differing frequencies, voltages, and coding
techniques.
- Nor is it enough to employ bridge technology to connect incompatible
networks. Bridges work by forwarding frames, and frame formats vary
dramatically from network to network.
- 20.5 Internetworking
- By using a combination of hardware and software, one may
form a network of networks of great size
- an internetwork or internet
- 20.6 Physical Network Connection with Routers
- The basic unit of hardware used to form an internet is a
router.
- A router has some characteristics in common with a bridge:
- A router contains a CPU and memory - so like a bridge it is a
type of special-purpose computer.
- A router has connections to two or more networks.
- The interfaces used in a router to connect to networks are
ordinary network interfaces - they are just like the interfaces
that all other computers use to connect to that type of network.
- Typically a bridge connects two network segments that are exactly the
the same type of network.
- Unlike a bridge, a router is typically connected to two or more
networks that are NOT the same type of network. For example, a router
might connect:
- an Ethernet to a WAN, or
- an Ethernet to a WiFi network, or
- a WiFi network to an IBM Token Ring network.
- The two networks connected by a router are often depicted by a
"cloud" in diagrams. The cloud represents an arbitrary
network technology.
- 20.7 Internet Architecture
- The job of a router is to forward packets. To forward a
packet, a router receives a packet on one of its network interfaces
and transmits it out over another of its network interfaces.
- A router has to process information about a packet in its CPU to
decide on which interface to use to transmit the packet.
- The more interfaces a router has, the more incoming packets it may
be required to process per unit of time.
- To keep their workload manageable, routers are usually built with a
fairly small number of network interfaces.
- It's good to build an internet with redundant links and routers - so
that the network is not likely to be partitioned if just a handful
of routers and/or links fail.
- Internet architects must consider:
- need for reliability
- need for channel capacity
- cost constraints
- expected traffic
- expected performance characteristics of available router
hardware
- 20.8 Intranets and Internets
- An intranet is a private internet.
- The Internet (proper noun) is the public global
internet.
- Sometimes the distinction between the two concepts is difficult
to maintain, since TCP/IP protocols are often used throughout,
and because intranets are usually connected to the Internet.
- 20.9 Achieving Universal Service
- The job of an internet is to allow any pair of computers to
communicate.
- Therefore the system of routers has to assure that packets are
forwarded all the way from the source to the destination.
- How can this be done, given that the frame formats and addressing
techniques on the various networks are utterly incompatible?
- It can be done through the use of protocol software on hosts and
routers.
- 20.10 A Virtual Network
- Through the use of routers and Internet protocol software the
Internet creates a virtual network by overlaying and unifying
component physical networks.
- The Internet provides universal service. In other words
communication is possible between any pair of hosts on the Internet.
- Users and applications can function without knowing anything
about how the component networks are joined together,
how addressing works, or how routing works.
- 20.11 Protocols for Internetworking
- The protocol family utilized to construct the Internet is the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
- Joint work on TCP/IP and the Internet architecture has been ongoing
since the 1970s.
- 20.12 Review of TCP/IP Layering
- The IP layer is layer 3 in the TCP/IP networking model.
- IP specifies Internet packet format and mechanisms for forwarding
packets.
- TCP is layer 4. It deals with the messages and procedures that ensure
reliable transfer.
- 20.13 Host Computers, Routers, and Protocol Layers
- A host computer (also known simply as a host) is a
computer that connects to the Internet and runs applications.
A host can be large or small - a mainframe computer, a PC, a
mobile device, or even an embedded system.
- The design of the Internet requires that host computers and
routers execute TCP/IP protocol software.